Bacteremia, or bloodstream infection, is a serious condition that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body.
Bloodstream Infection
Bacteremia is a potentially dangerous situation in which microorganisms—especially bacteria—invade the circulatory system.
This abnormal access may originate from localized infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, abscesses, or even improperly treated wounds. This condition may progress to septicemia if left untreated, which can be life-threatening.
Normally, the bloodstream is a sterile environment, but invasive medical procedures, injuries, or pre-existing infections can allow microorganisms to enter. The severity of this condition lies in the fact that once bacteria enter the blood, they have direct access to vital organs, increasing the risk of systemic complications.
Bloodstream Infection, Symptoms
The symptoms may vary depending on the severity and the patient’s overall health, although the following are commonly observed:
- Fever and chills: High fever is one of the body’s first responses to the presence of microorganisms in the blood.
- Tachycardia: An increased heart rate may indicate that the body is trying to fight off an impending infection.
- Hypotension: In severe cases, blood pressure may drop significantly, which could indicate imminent septic shock.
- Disorientation: May be a sign of cerebral hypoxia due to infection and inflammation.
- Generalized pain: Patients may experience body-wide pain, especially in areas affected by local infections.
- Skin changes: Rashes, paleness, or cyanosis—a bluish tint in the lips or fingers—can indicate poor circulation and low oxygen levels in the blood.
- Difficulty breathing: In severe cases, bacteremia can cause inflammation in the lungs, making proper oxygenation difficult.
Types of Bloodstream Infections
There are various types of bloodstream infections, classified based on their origin, duration, and the bacteria involved.
- Transient bacteremia: Occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream for a brief period and are eliminated by the immune system. It is often associated with dental procedures where bacteria from the mouth temporarily access the blood. While generally harmless in healthy individuals, it may pose a risk to those with compromised immune systems.
- Continuous bacteremia: Characterized by the constant presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, commonly seen in severe infections such as endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves) or from infected medical devices such as intravenous catheters.
- Intermittent bacteremia: In this type of bloodstream infection, bacteria periodically enter the bloodstream. It is associated with localized infections that release microorganisms in waves, such as recurrent urinary tract infections or abscesses.
- Septicemia: An advanced and dangerous form of bacteremia, in which bacteria and their toxins trigger a severe inflammatory response.
- Fungemia: This is a rare condition but occurs when the blood becomes infected with fungi of the Candida genus. It is more common in immunocompromised patients or those who have received extended antibiotic treatment.
Broadly speaking, treatment usually involves the use of intravenous antibiotics to fight the infection. If sepsis is present, intravenous fluids, oxygen, or medications to maintain blood pressure may be necessary.
It is crucial to treat the initial source of infection to prevent recurrence of bacteremia.
Bacteremia is a serious medical condition that requires immediate attention.
At the Saludora Medical Center’s Internal Medicine Department, we can provide you with specialized care. Contact us!
Fuentes
MSD Manuals, Scielo, Elsevier
